A chalazion is a chronic, sterile lipogranulomatous cyst that forms within the eyelid from obstruction and subsequent rupture of a meibomian gland. When meibomian gland secretions become inspissated (thickened) and cannot drain normally through the gland orifice, the gland ruptures internally, releasing lipid material into surrounding eyelid tissue. The body's immune response to this foreign lipid produces a granulomatous inflammatory reaction — the chalazion.
Chalazion is a benign eyelid lesion — part of the broader spectrum of eyelid skin tumors. See Benign Eyelid Lesions within the Skin Tumors section for related conditions including xanthelasma, molluscum contagiosum, and papilloma. Chalazia are closely linked to Blepharitis and MGD; recurrent chalazia warrant evaluation for Rosacea and — in older patients — biopsy to exclude sebaceous cell carcinoma.
Chalazion vs. Hordeolum (Stye)
These two common eyelid lesions are frequently confused:
Chalazion
Sterile — no bacterial infection
Meibomian gland origin (mid-eyelid)
Painless or mildly tender
Firm, round nodule within the eyelid
Develops over days to weeks
No spontaneous discharge
Treated with warm compresses, steroids, or I&C
Hordeolum (Stye)
Infected — bacterial (usually Staphylococcus)
External: lash follicle (Zeis/Moll glands)
Internal: meibomian gland abscess
Acutely painful, red, swollen
May spontaneously drain (pointing)
Treated with warm compresses, antibiotics
Most resolve in 1–2 weeks
Presentation & Diagnosis
Typical upper lid chalazionChalazion — tarsal conjunctival viewChalazion in a pediatric patient
A chalazion presents as a painless or mildly tender firm nodule within the upper or lower eyelid, typically in the mid-lid away from the margin (distinguishing it from the margin-based stye). The overlying skin is normally mobile. On everting the eyelid, a localized, yellowish or pale elevation of the tarsal conjunctiva is seen at the site of the involved meibomian gland.
Large chalazia may:
Distort the corneal surface, producing astigmatism and blurred vision
Cause mechanical ptosis from the weight of the swelling
Point through the conjunctival surface (internal) or, rarely, through the skin (external) and spontaneously discharge
Cause significant cosmetic concern from lid contour distortion
When to suspect something else: A lesion that recurs in the same location after proper treatment, is accompanied by loss of eyelashes, or has an atypical appearance (irregular, firm, non-mobile) should be biopsied. Sebaceous cell carcinoma — a malignant tumor of meibomian glands — can masquerade as a recurrent chalazion and carries significant morbidity if diagnosis is delayed.
Treatment Options
Conservative Management
Many chalazia resolve with conservative treatment, particularly early lesions:
Warm compresses: Applied for 5–10 minutes, 3–4 times daily. Heat liquefies inspissated lipid, facilitating natural drainage. Most effective in chalazia less than 4 weeks old.
Lid massage: After warming, gentle massage along the lid margin may aid drainage.
Treating underlying blepharitis: Concurrent lid hygiene, lid scrubs, and treating MGD reduces the rate of chalazion recurrence.
Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection
Injection of triamcinolone acetonide (0.05–0.2 mL of 10–40 mg/mL) directly into the chalazion is an effective office treatment with resolution rates of 50–80%, avoiding surgery. The injection may be administered transconjunctivally (through the everted eyelid) or transcutaneously (through the eyelid skin).
Effect begins within 1–2 weeks; a second injection may be given if incomplete resolution occurs
Generally well-tolerated; risks include transient local discomfort, skin depigmentation (particularly in darker skin tones — prefer transconjunctival injection in these patients), and very rarely globe perforation or — exceedingly rarely — retinal vascular occlusion from inadvertent intravascular injection, which can cause permanent vision loss if performed without adequate attention to anatomy
Preferred over I&C for many patients due to avoidance of an incision
Incision and Curettage (I&C)
Incision and curettage — surgical removal of chalazion contents
Incision and curettage is the definitive surgical treatment for chalazia that fail conservative management or intralesional steroid injection. The procedure is performed in clinic under local anesthesia:
Topical anesthesia drops applied; local anesthetic injected into the eyelid
A chalazion clamp is applied to the eyelid to stabilize and evert the lid
A vertical incision is made through the tarsal conjunctiva over the lesion (transconjunctival approach — no visible skin incision)
The granulomatous contents are curetted (scooped out) and the walls of the cyst are gently disrupted
No sutures are required; the incision heals spontaneously
Resolution is achieved in >90% of cases. Recurrence at the same site after proper I&C should prompt biopsy to exclude sebaceous cell carcinoma.
Recurrent Chalazia
Patients who develop multiple chalazia or experience rapid recurrence after treatment should be evaluated for:
Meibomian gland dysfunction and posterior blepharitis — the root cause in most cases. Aggressive lid hygiene, warm compresses, and oral doxycycline reduce recurrence rates.
Rosacea — a common systemic predisposing condition; oral tetracyclines and facial skin treatment address both.
Sebaceous cell carcinoma — any lesion recurring in the same location after adequate I&C must be biopsied. Sebaceous cell carcinoma is the great masquerader of the eyelid.
Demodex infestation — treat with appropriate lid scrubs or XDEMVY.
Children with chalazia should be evaluated for staphylococcal lid disease and treated with conservative management first; I&C in children often requires general anesthesia.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a chalazion and a stye?
A stye (hordeolum) is an acute bacterial infection of an eyelid gland — painful, red, and pointing toward the eyelid margin. A chalazion is a chronic, sterile inflammatory cyst of a meibomian gland — usually painless and pointing away from the margin into the eyelid. Styes often evolve into chalazia if not fully resolved.
How is a chalazion treated?
Most chalazia resolve with warm compresses and lid massage over 4–6 weeks. Persistent lesions are treated with intralesional triamcinolone (steroid) injection — highly effective with a 70–80% resolution rate and no scarring. Lesions that fail injection are drained surgically with a small incision and curettage (I&C), typically under local anesthesia.
Can a chalazion be cancerous?
Rarely, a recurrent or atypical chalazion can represent a sebaceous gland carcinoma masquerading as a benign cyst (the 'masquerade syndrome'). Any chalazion that recurs in the same location after treatment, is associated with loss of lashes, or has an atypical appearance should be biopsied. This is a critical diagnosis not to miss.
What should I expect during a chalazion consultation with an oculoplastic surgeon?
During your consultation, Dr. Annunziata will examine your eyelid to confirm the diagnosis and assess the chalazion's size and location. They will review your medical history, discuss treatment options ranging from conservative approaches like warm compresses to surgical removal, and answer any questions about the procedure. This visit helps determine the best treatment plan tailored to your specific situation.
What is the recovery process like after chalazion incision and curettage?
Most patients experience mild discomfort and slight swelling for the first few days following the procedure, which can be managed with prescribed pain medication and cold compresses. You'll need to keep the area clean and may be given antibiotic ointment to apply as directed. Most people return to normal activities within a few days, though strenuous exercise and swimming should be avoided for about one week to prevent infection.
While surgical removal of a chalazion is very effective, recurrence is possible in some patients, particularly those prone to meibomian gland dysfunction. Maintaining proper eyelid hygiene through regular warm compresses and lid cleaning can help reduce the risk of recurrence. If a chalazion does return in the same location, Dr. Annunziata can discuss additional treatment options or investigate underlying causes.
When should I see an oculoplastic surgeon instead of my regular eye doctor?
You should consider seeing an oculoplastic surgeon if a chalazion persists after conservative treatment, is very large, interferes with your vision, or fails to improve with intralesional steroid injections. Additionally, if a lesion on your eyelid has unusual characteristics or you're concerned it may be something other than a chalazion, a specialist can provide expert evaluation and advanced treatment options. Fellowship-trained oculoplastic surgeons have specialized expertise in eyelid procedures and can ensure the best cosmetic and functional outcomes.
